Career Questions

Reservation in India is a system of affirmative action that provides representation for historically and currently disadvantaged groups of Indian society in education, employment and politics.

Enshrined in Articles 15 and 16 of the Indian Constitution, it allows the Indian government to set quotas to ensure any “socially and educationally backward classes of citizens” is properly represented in public life. It is intended to realise the promise of equality enshrined in the Constitution of India.

For our discussion purpose we will look at the different reservation categories for educational field.

Reservation is primarily given to 3 groups: Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, abbreviated as SC, ST, and OBC respectively. Apart from this special reservation quota is available for women.

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) will reserve a fifth of their seats – 20 per cent- for women students, a step towards the central government’s goal of creating a gender balance in technical education.

The percentage of reserved seats will go up from 17 per cent to 20 per cent from academic year 2020-21, but the quota is supernumerary in nature, which means it won’t come at the cost of unreserved seats. Each institute will have to increase the overall number of seats to make sure the enhanced quota doesn’t cut the number of unreserved seats.

Apart from IITs, 31 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (IIEST) also have a Supernumerary Quota for Women from academic session 2018-19.

There is no reservation granted on the basis of religion in the Central educational institutions at the national level.

In Maharashtra for Marathas, the government instituted a special SEBC category for them with 12% reservation. This is applicable for state level institute only.

The Union Government tabled the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019 which provided 10% additional quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students.

The definition of ‘economically weaker sections’ will be defined by the State from time to time. The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum, or those who own agricultural land below five acres.

Reservation in Maharashtra

Maharashtra earlier had 50% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. In June 2019, Bombay High Court allowed 12% and 13% reservation respectively education and jobs for Maratha caste (SEBC).

After the Union Cabinet approved the 10% reservation for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS), the reservation has been estimated to be 75% making Maharashtra the state with the highest percentage of reservation in the country.

Category wise Percentage in Maharashtra

Scheduled Castes (SC) (13%)

Scheduled Tribes (ST) (7%)

Other Backward Classes (OBC) (19%)

Special Backward Classes (SBC) (2%)

Socially and economically backward class (SEBC – Maratha) (12%)

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) (10%)

Nomadic Tribes – A (Vimukta jati) (3%)

Nomadic Tribes – B (Banjara) (2.5%)

Nomadic Tribes – C (Dhangar) (3.5%)

Nomadic Tribes – D (Vanjari) (2%)

NEET Reservation

Category wise for SC, ST, OBC and PH: MBBS/ BDS Admissions

MBBS/ BDS Admissions in India are done as per the NEET rank and the existing reservation policies. The reservation criteria for 15% seats from all India quota is applicable to all states, except Jammu and Kashmir, in India. However, the criteria for reservation of seats other than 15% All India Quota (85% state seats) is different for different states. This applies to MBBS/ BDS admissions in State Quota seats, seats in State Medical Colleges, private Medical Colleges and AFMC.

MBBS/BDS Admissions will be based solely on the candidate’s marks in the NEET (UG) Exam. NTA (National Testing Agency) is responsible for conducting the NEET Exam and for providing the All India Rank. However, the Admitting Authorities are responsible for conducting counselling for Medical/ Dental seats. For this, admitting authorities invite applications from candidates for counselling for MBBS/ BDS Admissions. Also, the admitting authorities will create the merit list for MBBS/ BDS Admissions. And, this is done by considering the candidate’s All India Rank and the existing reservation policy, category wise.

NEET, Category wise for 15% All India Quota seats

Given below are details about the NEET Reservation, category wise for 15% All India Quota seats for Medical/ Dental Admissions. Under the 15% All India Quota seats, 15% seats are reserved for SC candidates. Also, 7.5% All India Quota seats are reserved for ST and 27% for OBC (non-creamy layer) candidates. Furthermore, 5% seat reservation is allotted for differently abled/ physically handicapped (PH-1 and PH-2 Category) candidates.

NEET reservation for seats other than 15% All India Quota (85% state seats)

Reservation for Medical/ Dental Admission under State Quota Seats

There is category wise reservation for Medical/ Dental Admission under State Quota Seats. And, this will be based on the eligibility criteria and reservation policy in the respective State or Union Territory. So, candidates are advised to contact the respective State counselling authority to check the eligibility and reservation criteria.

Reservation of MBBS/ BDS Seats in Medical Colleges

There will be reservation of MBBS/ BDS Seats in Medical Colleges for different categories. This includes reservation for SC, ST, OBC and PH categories. Also, the reservation of seats will depend on the applicable laws in the respective State/ Union Territory.

MBBS/BDS Admissions in Private Medical Colleges

Admissions to Medical/ Dental Courses in Private Colleges vary state wise. Additionally, it shall be based on the policies of the Government of India and the concerned State/ Union Territory.

Medical Admissions in AFMC, Pune

Medical Admissions in AFMC, Pune are done differently. It will depend on the norms of the Directorate General of Armed Forces Medical Services, Ministry of Defence and Indian Government. Please note that candidates will have to check the requirements specified by AFMC. In addition to applying for NEET, candidates will have to apply to AFMC too. Moreover, candidates who are shortlisted will have to attend a second stage Screening Test conducted by AFMC. For further details, please check https://www.afmc.nic.in/

Also, for more details about NEET reservation, category wise, check the NEET information Bulletin at the NTA website at http://www.ntaneet.nic.in

JEE Main 2020: Understanding Quotas/Reservations and Categories

An engineering aspirant’s category and the quota he or she might be eligible for, plays an important role in the admission to institutes that accept JEE Main scores including the NITs (National Institute of Technology), IIITs and CFTIs.

However, amidst all the confusion about the exam itself, majority of the students are also confused about what exactly is the difference between quotas / reservations and categories, how it affects admissions and what kind of quotas and categories actually exist that an aspirant can avail.

Starting with the basics, let’s understand the difference between quota/reservation and category.

Quota/Reservation is the process of setting aside a certain percentage of seats (vacancies) in government institutes( which includes the Central Government funded institutions and State Government/State-funded institutions like IITs, NITs, IIITs etc) while categories include seats for people from certain backgrounds including the SC, ST and OBCs and are applicable to both government and private institutes.

On a broader level, the quotas/reservations applicable for admissions are divided into two categories:

Home State (HS) Quota: Under the home state quota, seats are reserved for candidates based on their state of eligibility (Basically, the state where they have completed their Class 11th and 12th from). Remember, home state quota is filled as per as aspirant’s All India Rank. Around 50% seats are reserved for HS quota students.

Other State (OS) Quota: Under the Other State Quota, seats are reserved for candidates of beyond the Home State. Around 50% seats are reserved for OS quota students.

To make the concept clearer, here is an example:

Student X stays in Delhi and acquires a rank in JEE Mains. Since, he has a domicile of Delhi, he can apply to a Delhi college through the home state quota.

Now, supposedly, he got a rank around 1000 and NIT Delhi, in the first round, offers a computer science seat at an All India rank of 900. Since X has a home state quota, the same seat would be offered to him at a rank of 1000 or even at 2000. Thus, the student is left with two options: First – to apply through the All India route and second – to apply via home state quota route. The choice, completely, depends on student X.

State of Eligibility: It is the state from where the candidate has passed the qualifying examination.

Coming to the categories, there are four broad categories:

• General Category
• Other Backward Classes (OBC) only Non Creamy Layer candidates (whose family annual income is not more than Rs 6 lakh)
• Scheduled Castes (SC)
• Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Persons with Disability (PwD) is a sub-category under each of the above categories as well.

So this takes the total number of categories available to eight:

1. General
2. General – PwD( Persons with Disability)
3. SC(Scheduled Caste)
4. SC – PwD( Persons with Disability)
5. ST (Scheduled Tribes)
6. ST – PwD( Persons with Disability)
7. OBC (Other Backward Classes)
8. OBC – PwD( Persons with Disability)

 

 

The category wise percentage of reservation via JEE Main is:

1. OBC (NCL): 27%
2. SC: 15%
3. ST: 7.5%
4. PwD: 5%
5. General Economically Weaker Section (EWS): 10%

However, as the official website states, the reservation of seats for JEE Main 2020 will be based on the rules of Government of India. The applicants of some categories will be admitted to seats reserved for them under relaxed criteria for ranks under reserved categories.

Note: The JEE Main 2020 Reservation of Seats will be only for candidates belonging to classes / castes / tribes enlisted in the respective central list released and maintained by Indian Government.

Who is eligible for persons with disabilities category? To be eligible for consideration under persons with disabilities category, a candidate must have a minimum of 40% disability subject to the condition that the candidate is capable of carrying out all activities related to theory and practical work as applicable to BE / BTech / BArch courses.

Clauses for reservation claims:

– In order to claim the reserved seats candidates have to submit proper documents at the time of admission in proof of their category.

– The candidates will be given benefit of reservation only if their documents have been issued from proper authorities and in that too in proper format.

– The benefit of JEE Main 2020 Reservation of Seats will NOT be given in case the candidates are not able to submit proper documents or if their categories are not included in the Central List.

– As soon as the NTA announces Reservation of Seats for JEE Main 2020 candidates will be notified.

Type of Ranks:

A candidate’s rank card displays four different kinds of ranks. For instance, if he belongs to the Scheduled Tribe, then he would have the following ranks to choose from:

1. All India Rank
2. All India SC Rank
3. State Rank
4. State SC Rank

Therefore, it all depends on the intelligence of the aspirant to apply on the basis of his/her rank in different colleges and categories.

One of the most important question which all the students and their parents have is – are entrance exams post year 2020 will be organised differently due to the pandemic or such kind of calamities?

Is the Ministry of HRD, Govt of India not going to conduct this year’s entrance exams physically?

Well, as of now there is no definitive answer for this.

The NTA (National Testing Agency) is entrusted with the job of conducting almost all major entrance exams such as Engineering – (JEE MAIN & ADVANCE), Medical -NEET, Hotel Management -NCHM JEE, which are conducted online. So also the CET conducted by Govt of Maharashtra will be also conducted online from this year.

Therefore the question is not about if the exams will be organised on digital platforms?

But

How these exams will be conducted for this year and for the coming years?

The reason being tens of thousands of applicants will come into contact with each other.  In this scenario how to maintain the social distancing, which is needed to prevent or slow the spread of corona virus. Alternative ways of arranging entrance exams are being surveyed at the moment by Ministry of HRD, Govt of India.

The Indian government has asked all the educational institutions to defer examinations and regular classes due to Corona virus outbreak. The country is in a lockdown situation with the number of Corona virus patients going up.

Following this, the state and national board examinations as well as, admission tests such as JEE Main, NEET, MAH MCA CET, NID DAT Mains, and recruitment exams such as RBI Assistant, AFCAT (IAF exam) have been postponed. On April 14, our Prime Minister, Shri. Narendra Modi has announced countrywide lockdown extension until May 3, following this; the many entrance exams are being rescheduled.

As of now, Assuming the entire Class 10 and 12 examination process resumes in the first week of May, it will take a minimum of two weeks to complete it. Then, schools/junior colleges need a month to evaluate answer scripts and declare results. By then, we’ll be in the second week of June.

Usually, the national entrance tests, interviews and the admission process take about 90 days. It is likely to be September by the time colleges will start classes for 2020-21.

This means that there will be loss of nearly two months of classroom teaching for students due to the disruption.

IISER stands for Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research.

The Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (SAC-PM) under the Chairmanship of Prof. C.N.R. Rao, recommended creation of five new institutions devoted to science education and research to be named “Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research” broadly on the lines of IISc. Bangalore.

The vision of these institutes encompasses creation of research centres of the highest calibre in which teaching and education in basic sciences will be totally integrated with state-of-the-art research. These Institutions are devoted to under-graduate and post-graduate teaching in sciences in an intellectually vibrant atmosphere of research and make education and career in basic sciences more attractive by providing opportunities in integrative teaching and learning of sciences.

The goals of these institutes, inter alia, are: –

• To create quality education and research in basic sciences.
• To attract and nurture high-quality academic faculty.
• To create integrated Masters Programme in sciences, in order to provide entry into research at a younger age. In addition, the Institutes will have integrated programmes leading to Masters and PhD to those who hold a Bachelor’s degree in science.
• To make possible a flexible borderless curriculum in sciences.
• To actively forge strong relationship with existing universities and colleges and network with laboratories and institutions.
• To establish advanced Research Laboratories and Central facilities.

List of IISERs:

1. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata

IISER Kolkata was established in August 2006. The central theme of the IISER – K is to integrate education with research so that undergraduate teaching as well as doctoral and postdoctoral research work could be carried out in symbiosis.

IISER K offers the Integrated B.S – M.S Programme , M.S Programme, Integrated Ph.D Programme, Ph.D Programme & Post-Doctoral Programme.

For more details, click here: http://www.iiserkol.ac.in/

2. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune

The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune is a premier institute dedicated to research and teaching in the basic sciences was established in 2006.

Integrated Masters (M.S.) program aims to integrate the conventional bachelors and masters programs into a more holistic science education experience, bringing together conventional disciplines in the biological, chemical, mathematical and physical sciences. The program focuses on the unified nature of science and aims to train some of the brightest young minds of our country, through some of the best practitioners of science in India.

For more details, click here: http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/

3. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali has been established as an autonomous academic institution in 2007, to carry out research in frontier areas of science and provide quality science education at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. The broad focus of IISER Mohali is to integrate excellence in scientific research with education.

The academic activity of IISER Mohali is interdisciplinary in nature, with a focus on the basic sciences. The emphasis is on expanding the frontiers of knowledge while focusing on the fundamentals of science. IISER Mohali’s major thrust areas are: Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematics & Computer Science, Material Science and Environment & Earth System Science.

IISER Mohali offers the Integrated Master’s level (M.S.) Programme, Doctoral Program (PhD) and Integrated Doctoral Program (Int. PhD).

For more details, click here: http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/

4. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Bhopal was established in 2008, with a mission to provide high quality science education to Undergraduate and post-graduate students. The prime focus is to integrate science education and research with a motive of attracting bright students and world class faculties.

Currently, IISER Bhopal offers BS-MS (Dual Degree) programme and Ph.D. programme.

For more details, click here: http://www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/

5. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram was established in August 2008, and is dedicated to scientific research and science education of international standards.

IISER-TVM offers five year integrated MS and Ph.D programmes in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and inter-disciplinary areas.

For more details, click here: http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/

6. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati

The Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Tirupati was established in 2015, and is dedicated to scientific research and science education of international standards.

For more details, click here: http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/

7. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur

The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, established in 2016 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India is a Center of Excellence dedicated to teaching and research in basic sciences. As a unique initiative in science education in India, IISER Berhampur aims to be a University of the highest calibre devoted to both high quality teaching and state-of-the-art research in a totally integrated manner, thus nurturing both curiosity and creativity.

IISER Berhampur offers 5 years BS-MS and PhD programmes in an intellectually vibrant atmosphere of research.

For more details, click here: http://www.iiserbpr.ac.in/

Admission for undergraduate courses in IISERs

Candidates who have passed 10+2 or equivalent level exam with science stream in 2019 or 2020 are eligible to apply for admissions. Candidates will be admitted to IISER only through following three channels.

1. Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) channel
2. Joint Entrance Examination (JEE-Advanced) of the Indian Institutes of Technology
3. State and Central Boards Channel (SCB)

These channels will be referred to as KVPY, JEE, and SCB, respectively.

Indian nationals and students belonging to PIO or OCI category are eligible to apply provided they satisfy the eligibility criteria described below.

KVPY Channel

Candidates having a valid KVPY fellowship commencing from 2020-21 academic session are eligible to apply for admissions. An additional cut-off criterion for marks obtained in 10+2 board examination is also applicable.

JEE-Advanced Channel

Candidates in General category securing a rank within 10000 in the Common Rank List (CRL) of JEE Advanced 2020 is eligible to apply. For candidates belonging to the reserved category (OBC-NC, SC, ST, PD), their category rank should be within 10000. An additional cut-off criterion for marks obtained in 10+2 board examination is also applicable.

SCB Channel

• Students who have passed 10+2 level with science stream in 2019 or 2020 are eligible to apply for admissions and appear for IAT 2020.
• However, they will be considered for admissions to the degree programmes only if they obtain the cut-off marks specified for their board.
• Students applying through SCB channel will have to appear in the IISER Aptitude Test (IAT) which will be conducted at various centres across the country.

For Cut-off marks for year 2019 click – http://www.iiseradmission.in/assets/files/2019_cutoff.pdf

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA IN CLASS XII (OR EQUIVALENT) BOARD EXAMINATION FOR IISER ADMISSION 2020:

1. The candidate must have marks within the category-wise cut-off as shown in the table above for their respective Class XII (or equivalent) Board examination for being eligible to get admission to IISERs. Additionally, for admission to engineering programmes through JEE advanced channel, candidates who have secured 75% marks (GEN/EWS/OBC-NCL) or 65% marks (SC/ST/PwD) in their Class XII (or equivalent) exams are also eligible.
2. For candidates who appeared in the Class XII (or equivalent) Board examination for the first time in 2019 and reappeared in any subject (for whatsoever reason) in 2020, the better of two performances will be considered.
3. If a Board gives aggregate marks considering both Class XI and Class XII examinations (in the 10+2 system), then only Class XII marks will be considered. If a Board gives aggregate marks considering the results of all three years of a 3-year diploma or courses of equivalent duration, then only the marks scored in the final year will be considered. Similarly, for boards which follow a semester system, the marks scored in the final two semesters will be considered.
4. In case any of the subjects Mathematics or Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Language are not evaluated in the final year (e.g., in a 3-year diploma course), then the marks for the same subject from the previous year(s) will be used for calculating the percentage of aggregate marks.
5. If a Board awards only letter grades without providing an equivalent percentage of marks on the grade -sheet, the candidate should obtain a certificate from the Board specifying the equivalent marks and submit it before the deadline of the mark-sheet submission. In case such a certificate is not provided by the Board, meeting minimum eligibility criteria will be assessed as follows: If CGPA/CPI is reported on any scale other than 10 (for example, 4 points or 8 points scale), an equivalent CGPA/CPI will be calculated as per the following formula: CGPA/CPI in a 10 point scale = (CGPA/CPI Obtained×10)/PS. Finally, the marks will be linearly scaled out of 500. (Here PS stands for Point scale used by the Board).
6. If a Board does not give marks/grades scored in individual subjects but gives only the aggregate marks/grades, then the aggregate marks/grades given by the Board will be considered as such (linearly scaled out of 500 if the total marks are not out of 500).
7. Candidates from any board other than the ones listed in the above table (of State and Central Boards) can apply only through JEE-Advanced and KVPY channels provided that they also satisfy the eligibility criteria as specified by JEE-Advanced or KVPY, as the case may be. Such candidates should either bring a certificate from their respective board that they are within top 20 percentile of their board or else cut-off scores for CBSE board will be applied for them. Additionally, for admission to engineering programmes through JEE advanced channel, candidates who have secured 75% marks (GEN/EWS/OBC-NCL) or 65% marks (SC/ST/PwD) in their Class XII (or equivalent) exams are also eligible.

METHODOLOGY TO CALCULATE MARKS (OUT OF 500) IN CLASS XII (OR EQUIVALENT) BOARD EXAMINATION:

In subjects (such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology) where marks are awarded for theory exam and the practical exam separately, mean of scores of theory exam and the practical exam should be taken. Then, if marks awarded in a subject (in class XII or equivalent) are NOT out of 100, then the marks should be linearly scaled (up or down) to 100. Then, the following five subjects will be considered for calculating the cut-off marks for fulfilling the eligibility criterion so that the total aggregate marks are out of 500:

1. Chemistry
2. Physics

• Biology or Mathematics

1. One language (if the candidate has taken more than one language course, then the language course with the highest marks will be considered)
2. Any subject other than the ones used in the above four (the subject with highest marks will be considered)

After considering four subjects as mentioned in points (i) to (iv), one must consider the subject with the highest marks among all remaining subjects in his/her mark-sheet/grade-sheet. Please note that the subject for point (v) could also be a language course or Mathematics or Biology, provided that it is not being considered in any of the points (i) to (iv), and such that it is the subject with highest marks among all remaining subjects in the mark-sheet/grade-sheet.

 

Medical as a career choice

A career in medicine is one of the oldest and most respected professions. It allows you to the potential to impact human life in a way that is truly unique and the job satisfaction you get is unparallel. A field in which one needs to put others first. Medicine is truly a service and not just a profession. The hard work and countless hours one needs to invest in studying medicine can come across as an arduous task, but the power to save lives is well worth the efforts.

Following are some of the reasons why you should choose medicine as career.

There are many reasons why students choose to study medicine from personal calling to job stability. Although everyone has his / her own motivation, there are myriads of practical aspects that can make medicine a desirable career option.

1) This career is not only a service to the society but also one that will give you respect.

2) The financial gains in the profession may not be comparable to some other professions but there is an inherent stability as it isn’t as susceptible to downfall as other careers.

3) Stability alongside satisfaction is what people aim for in their lives and the field of medicine is a preferable way to achieve this.

4) This is a diverse and vast field where one never ceases to learn. The basic medical degree (MBBS) is just initial stage in gaining knowledge and competence for future in medicine.

5) The bachelor’s degree in medicine can introduce you to a whole new world of possibilities. After getting bachelor degree some graduates decide to practice medicine while other choose to study further specialization.

6) Apart from pursuing medicine as a career one can also look for a career in medical research or can become a medical scientist.

7) Through this field one can aim to reach global stage with perseverance and utmost dedication. Wearing a white coat gives you a big responsibility, of improving people’s lives. Only a doctor can truly understand how joyous it is when he or she saves a life of a patient which is in the clutches of a life threatening disease.

Apart from the advantages of choosing medical as a career, there are some disadvantages also, which are as follows.

1) Medical career is the long process of study. The student has to keep himself updated with new technology, new inventions from time to time.

2) This career is very much suitable for the students whose parents are doctors, as it took less time to establish himself as practitioner. Whereas the students without medical background at home gets difficulty in establishing themselves as medical practitioner.

3) The cost incurred in medical career is very high.

4) There are fewer seats available in medical career as compare to other careers.

5) Only basic degree of medicine is not sustainable for today’s practice of medicine. There must be specialization in Surgery, neurology, Radiology, Gynecology etc.

Considering all the advantages and disadvantages the students should choose medical as a career.

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) is premier medical institute of India. The college is a centre of Excellence for medical education. It was initially established in 1948 for postgraduate courses. The graduate wing for MBBS course was started in 1962. The college provides training to UG and PG medical and nursing students with assured career prospects in the defense services. It is affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik.

The duration of the course is 4.5 years followed by compulsory internship of one year.

A candidate seeking admission to the MBBS course in AFMC is eligible if he/ she fulfills following criteria

1. a) A candidate should be citizen of India.
2. b) He must be unmarried.
3. c) Should be medically fit as per the rules of Ministry of Defence, Republic of India.
4. d) The candidate must be in the age of 17 years to 24 years.
5. e) Candidates from Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Jammu Kashmir are also eligible for admission.

Academic Qualifications:

Candidate must have pass one of the qualifying examination listed below in the first attempt with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken simultaneously and securing not less than 60% of the aggregate marks in these three science subjects. They must have passed an examination in Mathematics of the X std.

1. a) The higher secondary (10+2) or equivalent examination in science of a statutory Indian University / board.
2. b) The pre-professional / pre-medical examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology including practical test in Science subjects provided the examination is a University examination.
3. c) Senior secondary of a statutory examination board of Indian School certificate examination of 12 years of study.
4. d) 1st year of three years degree course of recognized University with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology including practical’s in Science subjects.
5. e) Higher Secondary School certificate examination of Maharashtra state Board of Higher Secondary Education.
6. f) Any other examination which in scope and standard is found to be equivalent pre- professional/ pre- medical examination of Indian University.
7. g) B.Sc examination of a recognized Indian University provided that he/ she has passed the examination in not less than two of the subjects Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology.

There are total 145 seats (110 boys and 35 girls) will be admitted for the course of MBBS. In addition 05 seats are available for foreign Indian Nationals who had cleared NEET (UG) from friendly foreign countries.

Candidates seeking admission in AFMC, Pune will have to clear NEET (UG) examination conducted by CBSE.

The shortlisted candidates are called for the test of English, comprehension, Logic and Reasoning (ToLER), Psychological Assessment Test (PAT), interview, and Medical Test.

Score obtained in NEET (UG) 2019 added to ToELR Score divided by 4 to get a score out of 200.

At the time of admission parents of the candidates are required to sign a bond agreement for Rs. 30,00,000/- ( Rs. Thirty Lakh only). Any candidate withdrawing from the college after 7 days of admission will have to pay bond money as per the rules of AFMC.

There is a reservation only for SC/ ST category. Ten seats are reserved for SC/ ST candidates.

On successful completion of MBBS course from AFMC the medical cadet joins the Armed Forces Medical Services as commissioned officers in one of the three services, viz. Army, Navy, Air force. On the basis of merit-cum- choice 50% of the cadets are offered permanent commission (PC) and the rest Short Service Commission (SC).

Admission to the undergraduate veterinary (B.V. Sc) takes place through MHT- CET examination conducted by the Maharashtra State. On all India level Veterinary UG course admissions are done through (NEET UG), but only 15% of AIPVT  seats. The remaining seats are managed by respective State veterinary entrance examination.

The duration of the course of B.V.Sc is 5.5 years. The syllabus includes training in exotic animal care, disease identification, nutrition, and animal husbandry.

The course fee ranges between INR 10,000/- to 20, 000/- for the total duration.

Veterinary science is a branch of science that concerns with diagnosis, treatment, curing diseases in birds and animals. The subject includes the study of animal Psychology and various treatment and prevention to block diseases among animals. The basic principles of veterinary science and animal husbandry are similar as human medical sciences.

Following are some of the physiotherapy colleges in Maharashtra

1) Deccan Education Society’s Brijlal Jindal college of physiotherapy.

2) Modern college of physiotherapy.

3) Dr. D.Y. Patil College of physiotherapy.

4) M. A. Rangoonwala college of physiotherapy

5) Sancheti college of physiotherapy

6) MAEER’S college of physiotherapy

7) K. J. Somaiya college of physiotherapy

8) college of physiotherapy, Ahmednagar

9) Terana college of physiotherapy

10) Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth

11) MGM Institute of physiotherapy, Aurangabad

12) Topiwala National Medical college, Mumbai

13) SNDT college of physiotherapy

14) Institute of physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Kolhapur.

Undergraduate Common Entrance Examination for Design (UCEED) is conducted by IIT Bombay under the guidance of UCEED-CEED Implementation Committee every year to offer admission to eligible candidates in Bachelor of Design (BDes) programmes offered at colleges accepting UCEED scores.

UCEED is an online examination of three hours duration that is typically conducted in the month of January every year. Merely appearing for UCEED exam or securing a spot in UCEED rank list does not guarantee admission in BDesprogrammes. Candidates who qualify UCEED need to separately apply for admission as per the procedure prescribed by IIT Bombay. Admissions in BDes are done on the basis of merit in each category. The merit list is prepared on the basis of scores obtained by candidates in the written entrance exam.

This year, drawing section was introduced in UCEED exam and students found the drawing question to be simple.

Exam Name	Undergraduate Common Entrance Examination for Design
Exam Frequency	Once a year
Exam Mode	Online
Exam Duration	3 Hours
Accepting Colleges	23 colleges
Official Website	http://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2020/

 

UCEED Exam Eligibility Criteria

Both Indian as well as foreign nationals could apply for UCEED Exam. Aspirants met UCEED eligibility, if they fulfilled the below mentioned criteria:

Age Limit

Candidates should have been born on or after October 1, 1995 if they belonged to General/ Open or OBC-NCL category. However, aspirants from SC/ ST/ PwD category should have been born on or after October 1, 1990.

Number of Attempts

Candidates who meet the UCEED age criteria can attempt taking the exam for a maximum of two times and that too in consecutive years. Candidates need to possess UCEED rank to secure admission in BDesprogramme. UCEED score is valid for one year and is applicable for admission only in the corresponding academic year.

Qualifying Exam

The final examination of the 10+2 system, conducted by a Central or State Board recognized by the Association of Indian Universities. Candidates who have cleared the qualifying exam, that is, class 12 or equivalent exam, in 2019 or are appearing for their qualifying exam in 2020, meet UCEED eligibility criteria 2020. Candidates from any stream – Commerce, Science, Arts  and Humanities, meet the eligibility criteria for UCEED exam.

Aspirants who are from the Science stream and have studied subjects like Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics are eligible to apply for admission

at IIT Bombay, IIT Guwahati, IIT Hyderabad and IIITDM Jabalpur.

Candidates from any other stream (Science without Mathematics or Physics or Chemistry, Commerce, and Arts & Humanities) can apply for admission at IIT Bombay, IIT Hyderabad and IIITDM Jabalpur, only.

UCEED 2020 Admission Process

Candidates need to ensure that they complete each and every step that forms a part of UCEED admission process. Candidates are informed that merely securing a UCEED rank does not guarantee admission. Thus, candidates need to fulfill UCEED eligibility criteria, clear the entrance exam and thereafter take part in the counselling round in order to secure admission through UCEED 2020.

UCEED 2020 Exam Centres

UCEED 2020 is scheduled to be conducted across 24 cities in India and one test centre outside India. UCEED 2020 is also scheduled to be conducted at Dubai. Candidates opting for Dubai as a UCEED test centre need to select any two Indian

UCEED Exam Analysis

UCEED 2020 was held from 10 am to 1 pm on January 18. Experts share that maximum questions in Part A of the exam were from verbal and nonverbal reasoning and Mathematics. The drawing question asked in the exam was pretty straight-forward and any student with basic sketching practice would be able to solve it easily.

Analysis of past years’ papers of CEED exam has revealed that the difficulty level of this design exam ranges from moderate to high. However, in 2020 the difficulty level of the exam was low.

In the exam, candidates had to answer total 69 questions spread across Part A and Part B exam. Part A had three sections,

Section A– Numerical Answer Type (NAT),

Section B- Multiple Select Questions (MSQs),

Section C- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

PART B had a drawing question.

 

UCEED Part A Exam (Old Exam Pattern)

Medium of Instruction	English
Medium of Instruction	68
Total Marks	240 Marks
Maximum Time	2.30 hours
Mode of Exam	Computer Based Test (CBT)

UCEED Part B Exam (Old Exam Pattern)

Medium of Instruction	English
Medium of Instruction	1
Total Marks	60 Marks
Maximum Time	30 minutes
Mode of Exam	Offline

UCEED 2020 Exam Pattern (New)

Common Entrance Examination for DesignCEED Exam	Section	No. of Questions
PART A	NATNumerical	18
PART A	MSQMultiple Select Questions	18
PART A	MCQMultiple Choice Questions	32
PART B	Drawing Question	1
	Total No. of Questions	69

UCEED 2020 Marking Scheme

Negative marking has been introduced in MSQ section of UCEED exam, this year. View the marking scheme for UCEED 2020 in the table below:

Section	Marks Added for Every Correct Answer (New)	Marks Deducted for Every Wrong Answer (New)
NATNumerical	4	0
MSQMultiple Select Questions	4	-0.19
MCQMultiple Choice Questions	3	-0.71
Drawing Question	60	0
Total Marks		300

Bachelor of Design (B. Des) or B. Design is an established degree in design field at undergraduate level. B. Des degree is a full-time four-year course offered in various specializations such as Fashion Designing, Interior Designing, Accessory Designing, Textile Designing and much more. Over the years, the B. Des degree has evolved and now offered in various design specializations such as Graphic Designing, Multimedia Designing, VFX Design, Visual Communication, and Game Designing. This broadens the scope of Design degree with career options, opportunities in various industries as well as new technology learning. The course curriculum comprises of CAD, CAM, product development, marketing, specialization specific subjects, vocational subjects, elective subjects as well as personality and skills development subjects. Students who pursue B. Des course get exposure of the design industry with internships, events, exhibitions at national as well as international level.

Students holding B.Design degree can start their career right after completing the course. They could intern with leading designers of their specialization for creating better career opportunities.

B.Des Eligibility

Students who have passed Class 12th or equivalent qualifying examination can pursue the B.Des course.

There is no restriction of stream at 10+2 level therefore; students can pursue the course irrespective of streams i.e. Science, Commerce, Arts and Humanities.

The age limit for admission to B.Des courses is minimum 19 or 20 years as specified by the institutes at the time of admission.

B.Des Entrance Exams

Undergraduate Common Entrance Exam for Design (UCEED)	National Institute of Design Entrance Exam (NID DAT)
Footwear Design and Development Institute All India Selection Test (FDDI AIST)	Symbiosis Entrance Exam for Design (SEED)
School of Fashion Technology Common Entrance Test (SOFT CET)	Unitedworld Institute of Design, Design Aptitude Test (UID DAT)

NID Design Aptitude Test is a means through which aspirants are shortlisted for admission in UG and PG design courses offered at the prestigious National Institute Design (NID) campuses. Candidates need to clear two NID admission tests in order to be eligible for admission in Bachelor of Design (BDes), Graduate Diploma Programme in Design (GDPD) and Master of Design (MDes) courses offered at its campuses.

Earlier, NID offered admission in its five campuses through NID entrance exam. However, from 2019 onwards two more NID campuses, that is, NID Bhopal and NID Jorhat were added to the list wherein admission was offered in GDPD course on the basis of NID admission test.

NID Entrance Exam 2020 Highlights

Event Details	Specifications
Exam Name	National Institute of Design Aptitude Test (NID DAT)
Exam Frequency	Once a year
Exam Mode	Offline
Exam Duration	BDes/GDPD : 3 hours, MDes : 2 hours 30 minutes
Accepting Colleges	7
Official Website	http://admissions.nid.edu/NIDA2020/Default.aspx

NID DAT 2020 Eligibility Criteria

Candidates who want to apply for BDes or GDPD course at NID meet the eligibility criteria if they have cleared or are appearing for their higher secondary (10+2) qualifying examination from any stream (Science, Humanities, Commerce, etc.) from any recognised board such as CBSE, IB, ICSE or their equivalent in the year 2019-2020 can apply for the exam.

On the other hand, candidates are eligible to apply for MDes course if they have completed their bachelor’s degree from a recognised college/ university. Apart from this, aspirants applying for NID admission in MDes course should not be more than 30 years of age as on June 30, 2020.

List of Courses & Colleges Accepting NID Admission Test

Candidates can secure admission in BDes, course on offer at seven NID campuses through NID Entrance Exam.

Go through the list of courses offered at NIDs in the table below.

BDes Courses Offered at NID
Ceramic & Glass Design	Furniture & Interior Design
Product Design	Animation Film Design
Exhibition Design	Film & Video Communication
Graphic Design	Textile Design

List of NIDs
NID Ahmedabad	NID Gandhinagar
NID Bengaluru	NID Andhra Pradesh
NID Haryana	NID Madhya Pradesh
NID Assam

NID Admission Process

As part of NID admission process, candidates need to first fill their application form. Candidates who meet the eligibility criteria for this design entrance exam are then eligible to appear for NID DAT Prelims. Aspirants who clear the first stage of NID admissions then need to appear for NID DAT Mains. Finally, candidates who clear this admission round as well are offered admission in the course/ college of their choice.

NID admissions 2020 is a two-tier process. Thus, for NID admissions candidates need to appear for NID DAT (Prelims) and NID DAT (Mains). The objective of conducting both these tests is to assess knowledge, skills as well as behavioral abilities of candidates.

NID DAT 2020 Test Centre’s

The test center’s for NID exam conducted for BDes and MDes course admissions are different for NID admissions 2020. NID DAT Prelims 2020 is scheduled to be conducted at 21 test cities in the country.the list of NID entrance exam center’s

Ahmedabad Bengaluru Bhopal Bhubaneshwar Chandigarh Chennai Dehradun Guwahati

Hyderabad Jaipur Kolkata Mumbai Kurukshetra Lucknow Patna Nagpur New Delhi Ranchi

Thiruvananthapuram Raipur Vijayawada

BDesign Skillset

Candidates pursuing the course must have or attained certain skills to make a career in design field. The essential skills include eye to detail, quick learning abilities, and profound knowledge of design industry.

Some other important details for B.Des students are:

Cognitive skills Good communication skills Strong artistic skills Presentation Skills Traditional skills Drawing skills Innovativeness Perseverance

B.Design specialization’s

Candidates can pursue the course in any of the offered specialization at UG level and further, they can pursue the specialization at postgraduate level. The B.Design specializations offered by most design institutes are:

specialization’s in Bachelor of Design
Fashion Design	Ceramic and Glass Design
Leather Design	Exhibition Design
Accessory Design	Film and Video Communication
Textile Design	Furniture and Interior Design
Knitwear Design	Graphic Design
Fashion Communication	Product Design
Animation Film Design	Communication Design
Industrial Design	Visual Communication
Lifestyle and Accessory Design	Footwear Designs and Production

Full form of NIFT is National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) is a group of fashion colleges in India. It was established in 1986 under the aegis of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.

Recently NIFT currently has 16 campuses: its main campus in New Delhi, and campuses at Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Jodhpur, Kangra, Kannur, Kolkata, Mumbai, Patna, Raebareli, Shillong, and Srinagar.

On the basis of NIFT exam, candidates can secure admission in courses such as  Bachelor of Design (BDes), Bachelor of Fashion Technology (BFTech), Master of Design (MDes), Master of Fashion Management (MFM) and Master of Fashion Technology (MFTech).

NIFT entrance exam is three-tiered in its format for BDes and MDes course admissions. As part of the NIFT entrance exam 2020 for BDes and MDes admissions, candidates need to first appear for Creative Ability Test (CAT) which is followed by a General Ability Test (GAT). The final admission round for BDes course is a Situation Test and that for MDes is GD/PI round. On the other hand, for BFTech course admissions candidates need to appear for GAT exam only whereas for MFTech and MFM programmes candidates need to appear for GAT and GD/PI admission round.

Type Courses Offer NIFT and How To take Admission

NIFT offers 4-year Undergraduate Course, as well as 2-year Post Graduate, programmes in the design, management, and technology.

Candidates want to take Admission in Bachelor of Design (B.Des) as well as Master of Design (M.Des) programmes ,need to take two written admission tests called the Creative Ability Test (CAT) and the General Ability Test (GAT).

Candidate who want to take admission in other courses such as Bachelor of Fashion Technology (BFTech), Master of Fashion Technology (MFTech) and Master of Fashion Management (MFM), need to take GAT Test

NIFT organizes our own Entrance Exam for UG and PG course.

For UG Program – Candidates need to first appear for a written test.

NIFT Exam Syllabus

GAT FOR B.Design&M.Design

This Test will comprise of various section as given below:

Quantitative AbilityCommunication AbilityEnglish ComprehensionAnalytical Ability

General Knowledge & Current Affairs

Candidates can go through the detailed NIFT admission process for design course admissions in the table below:

NIFT Admission Process
Programme	Test	Weightage
Bachelor of Design	CAT	50%
	GAT	30%
	Situation Test	20%
Master of Design	CAT	40%
	GAT	30%
	GD/PI	30%
Bachelor of Fashion Technology	GAT	100%
Master of Fashion Technology	GAT	70%
	GD/PI	30%
Master of Fashion Management	GAT	70%
	GD/PI	30%

NIFT Entrance Exam

Event Details	Specifications
Exam Name	National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Entrance Exam
Conducting Body	National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
Exam Level	National Level Exam
Exam Frequency	Once a Year
Exam Mode	Offline
Exam Duration	CAT for BDes: 3 Hours
	GAT for BDes & MDes: 2 Hours
	GAT for BFTech, MFM, MFTech: 3 Hours
Language	English
Course Offered	BDes, BFTech, MDes, MFTech, MFM
No. of Test Cities	32 cities in India
No. of Accepting Colleges	16
Official Website	http://www.nift.ac.in/

NIFT Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for NIFT admissions varies from course to course. Candidates need to meet NIFT eligibility criteria 2020 in order to appear for NIFT entrance exam.

 

NIFT BDes Eligibility Criteria

Candidates should have completed their Class 12 from a recognized board with passing marks to be eligible to appear for NIFT entrance exam 2020. Aspirants should be below 23 years of age for NIFT admission 2020.

 

NIFT BFTech Eligibility Criteria

Aspirants should have completed their Class 12 from a recognized board wherein they have studied subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Candidates should have secured passing marks in their Class 12 exam.

 

NIFT MDes Eligibility Criteria

Candidates should have completed their undergraduate degree from a recognized institute of university. There is no age limit criteria for NIFT admission in MDes course.

 

NIFT MTech Eligibility Criteria

Aspirants should have pursued BFTech course at the undergraduate level to be eligible for MFTech course admissions. There is no age limit criteria for NIFT admission in MFTech course.

 

NIFT MFM Eligibility Criteria

Candidates should have completed their undergraduate degree from a recognized institute of university. There is no age limit criteria for NIFT admission in MFM course.

Courses offered through NIFT Entrance Exam

NIFT Admissions 2020: List of UG Courses
BDes Fashion Design (FD)	BDes Leather Design (LD)
BDes Accessory Design (AD)	BDes Textile Design (TD)
BDes Knitwear Design (KD)	BDes Fashion Communication (FC)
BFTech Apparel Production (AP)

NIFT Admissions 2020: List of PG Courses
MDes	MFM
MFTech

Reservation of Seats

Category	Reservation
SC	15%
ST	7.5%
OBC (Non-Creamy Layer)	2.5%
Differently Abled Person (PHP)	5% Horizontal reservation for Differently Abled Person (with 40% or more disability) cutting across all sections i.e. SCs, STs, OBCs Non-Creamy and General category. Campus and programme will be allotted on rotation, at NIFT’s discretion.
Foreign Nationals/SAARC/NRI	5 (supernumerary) seats each at NIFT Campuses Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Gandhinagar, Raebareli & Srinagar (J&K). 3 (supernumerary) seats each at Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Kangra, Kannur, Patna and Shillong.
State Domicile	7 seats will be available in each campus, of which 3 will be supernumerary. The 7 NIFT campuses are located at Patna, Kangra, Kannur, Bhopal, Shillong, Bhubaneswar and Jodhpur. 13 seats to be offered at NIFT Srinagar

BSc Agriculture is a degree course in the field of agriculture and its applications. The study of this course consists of agricultural science and the effective implementation of modern agricultural techniques and equipment in practical applications. As India’s economy mainly relies on agriculture aspirants can understand the importance of this course at a professional level. The government has recognized this course as a professional degree course to be studied on a large scale. Students willing to take admission for this course should have a basic understanding of this field and a creative attitude towards it.

There are more modern aspects to be studied during this course. Students can gain some in-depth knowledge of soil science, water resources and its management, animal husbandry management, land surveying, and few aspects of biotechnology. The basic methodology behind the course curriculum is to teach students to create a modern and effective ways of agriculture in order to improve overall productivity. Students can learn all these basic aspects and implement them while performing practical in the field. Agricultural science also has disciplines such as agronomy, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology, soil science, food technology, agricultural economics, home science, fisheries, forestry, and veterinary science. Students can study these subjects as specialization during their master’s degree course.

Eligibility Criteria

In order to seek admission to the BSc agriculture course, students should have 10+2 or any equivalent examination.

They should have completed their higher secondary school with science stream subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology.

Students should have a minimum score of 50% in their higher secondary school examination or any equivalent examination.

Students who have completed their intermediate in the agriculture field can also take admission for the course.

Course Duration and Fees

Course	Duration	Fees (INR)
Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Agriculture	4 years Full time	The fees varies from 7000 to 40000 Rs.

 

Syllabus

Semester 1	Basic science and humanities Rural sociology and constitution of India Comprehension and communication skills in English Plant biochemistry Introduction to computer applications Educational psychology
Semester 2	Agricultural Economics Agricultural finance and cooperation Principles of agricultural economics Trade and prices Agricultural marketing Fundamentals of agribusiness management
Semester 3	Agricultural engineering Farm power and machinery Energy sources and their application in agriculture Protected cultivation structures and agro-processing Principles of soil and water engineering
Semester 4	Agricultural entomology General Entomology Crop pests and their management Economic Entomology Sericulture
Semester 5	Agricultural extension education Extension methodologies for transfer of agricultural technologies Dimensions of agricultural extension Entrepreneurship development and communication skills
Semester 6	Agricultural Microbiology Soil microbiology Agriculture microbiology
Semester 7	Agricultural Statistics Fundamentals of statistics
Semester 8	Agronomy Introductory agriculture, principles of agronomy and agricultural meteorology Practical crop production I Practical crop production II Field crops I (Kharif) Field crops II (Rabi) Irrigation water managementWeed management Rain fed agriculture and watershed management Farming systems, organic farming and sustainable agriculture Experimental techniques in agricultural research I Natural resource management Horticulture Crop production Agribusiness management Social sciences Integrated livestock farming Bio inputs Commercial agriculture Genetics and biotechnology

BSc Agriculture course is divided into 8 semesters so that students can complete this course in a periodical way. In the first year of the course, students will learn the basics of plants, the economics of agriculture and humanity science. In the second and third years, they will get interacted with topics such as core agriculture engineering, entomology, and microbiology. They will also get their skills strengthen in communication and entrepreneurship development. In the final year, they will get hands-on experience practically on-field through Agronomy and agricultural statistics.

Students who are from the agricultural rural areas can definitely opt for this course. It is because mainly the rural economy of India is dependent on agriculture. Even students from urban areas can choose this course as there is increasing demand for agricultural produce market recently. The recent trend of organic farming is leading to an increase in the number of enthusiasts in this field. Students seeking admission for this course should develop a stable mindset and analytical thinking. They should be ready to put their hard work both in theory and fieldwork. They will also develop precise communication and presentation skills.

The agriculture industry in India is very vast and has great scope for graduates who completed their degree courses in agriculture sciences. There are agriculture research institutes spread across all states in India which strive to develop the latest technologies on crop development and agriculture equipment. Agriculture experts develop new methods of organic farming and promote them so that our farmers develop chemical-free crop production. Professionals who have completed the BSc agriculture course can have a positive scope in this sector and explore the best opportunities to work on advanced agricultural technologies. They will enhance their careers in a relevant field and further progress in it rapidly.

BSc agriculture graduates can work in the agriculture sector both in India as well as in foreign countries. There are numerous employment areas in the agriculture field where these graduates can seek work experience. Sectors like food processing, dairy industry, poultry industry, fertilizer Production Company, FMCG and institutions offer the best job opportunities for such graduates. Various agro-industries like food processing and fertilizer production companies require employment relevant to the agriculture science field. So the professionals with BSc in Agriculture degree can apply for these positions and gain healthy work experience in this industry.

They should have completed their higher secondary school with science.

Stream subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology.

The Law as an education offered in India in the year 1987 as a three-year degree program granted under the Advocate Act, 1961. The BCI (Bar Council of India) is the main regulatory body of Law education.

In the year 1985, the “Law Commission of India” has decided to establish a University for Law Education to raise the academic standard of the legal profession in India. Thereafter the first law University in India was established in Bangalore named as “National Law School of India University” popularly known as the “NLS”. It was the time when the first LLB degree was started in India.

Courses & Career after 12th in Law

Law is one of the career-oriented courses after 12th. In India, the student can pursue the legal degree after the completion of the graduation in any discipline. There are the following degrees of legal education in India.

Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) – 3 years

LLB is the most common degree of law education. The LLB takes the 3 year as the duration of the course.

Integrated undergraduate degrees – B.A. LL.B., B.Sc. LL.B., BBA LLB, B.Com LL.B – 5 years

One who wishes to do the integrated course can take the admission in 5 year integrated program after the completion of 10+2 exams.

Master of Laws (LL.M.) – one/two years

LLM is the master degree in legal education having one or two-year duration. It has been started in India before 2012.

Master of Business Law

The MBL is the master degree in legal education with the specialization in business law having one or two-year duration.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

There is a good prospect for PhD after the legal education. Most of the highly reputed autonomous institution provides the PhD programmes.

 

Integrated MBL-LLM/ MBA-LLM – 3years

One who wishes to do the integrated course with business specialization can go for the MBL-LLM or MBA-LLM. It is a 3 year degree programme after the completion of the LLB.

Admission in Law education

The students, who wish to get the admission in law, have to appear in CLAT (Common Law Admission Test). CLAT is conducted for admission to National Law Universities (NLUs) and various other institutions. Through CLAT, students are admitted in Integrated L.L.B and L.L.M courses.

Student can go for law courses with any stream (Science stream/ Commerce stream / Arts stream) in 12th.

BCI provides “Certificate of Practice” to the  candidates after completing LL.B. To practice in the profession of law and to receive certificate, it is mandatory for the candidates to qualify All India Bar Examination (AIBE)

List of Top Universities in India

The top universities in India offering the legal education are as the following:

• The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata
• National Law University, Jodhpur, Jodhpur
• Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
• Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala
• Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow
• Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur
• National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi
• Chanakya National Law University, Patna
• National Law University Odisha
• National Law University, Delhi, New Delhi
• DamodaramSanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
• National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
• National Law School and Judicial Academy, Assam, Guwahati
• Tamil Nadu National Law School, Srirangam
• Maharashtra National Law School, Nagpur.

Jobs/Career in Law

Law is very reputed filed for choose as a career. It is a hard-working and sincere field. A fresher may have to work under the reputed legal firm or lawyer for initial starting of his career.

India has a great demand of skilled lawyer as per the survey done by the Bar Council of India. Only 20% of the Indian law students are eligible to work in court.

A law student can be a public prosecutor, solicitor general or a part of private legal firms after gaining experience. The law students can appear the exam conducted by the Public Service Commissions and get the position of Judge.

A good lawyer can work in ministry, government departments and various legal advice organizations.

There is a good prospect to work in UK and the US. The law of India is just similar to the law of UK. The firms and UK government offers the Indian students to work with them as legal concern.

In order to the designation, you may be the one out of the following:

• Criminal Lawyer
• Civil Litigation Lawyer
• Legal Analyst
• Document Drafting Lawyer
• Legal Journalist
• Legal Advisor
• Government Lawyer
• Judge

Books & Study Materials

There are various law books available in the market separately for undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level law courses. Facility of online resources is also be there to study law. Know some of the popular books of law from here:

Introduction to the Constitution of India by D.D. Basu

Public Administration by M Laxmikanth

Indian Constitutional Law by M.P. Jain

Criminal Law – Incorporating the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 by P.S.A. Pillai

Manual of Labour Laws by Waseem Ahmad Qureshi

Development of the concept of Human Rights Under International Law by Dr. Vijay Chitnis

Private Security And The Law by Charles Nameth

ILS Law College, Pune

ILS or Indian Law Society’s Law College, one of the premier law institutions in India, was established in the year 1924. Situated in the city of Pune, the college is funded by the Ford Foundation and is currently affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University.

The college offers five-year BA.LLB degree program at undergraduate level.  At postgraduate level, the college offers three-year LLB, LLM course and a number of Diploma Courses.

Those seeking admission to BA.LLB or LLB must qualify MH CET LAW.

Admissions to the LLM are done on the basis of merit of qualifying examination.

PG Diploma course admissions are done on first come first serve basis based on merit of qualifying examination.

Application forms are available through offline and online mode.

The college offers reservations as per rules of the Savitribai Phule Pune University.

ILS Law College BA.LLB And LL.B Admissions

ILS offers five-year BA.LLB at undergraduate level and three-year LLB course at postgraduate level. As per the guidelines of Government of Maharashtra, candidates seeking admissions to law courses must apply for MH CET Law. Both the courses are affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University.

Those seeking admission to BA.LLB degree program should have passed 10+2 examination or equivalent in any stream while scoring minimum 45% marks. Reserved category candidates need to score minimum 40% marks.

LLB degree requires a minimum pass in graduation in any discipline while securing 45% marks in all years. Reserved seat candidates (SC / ST)need to have minimum 40% marks.

ILS Law College LLM Admission

The college offers two-year LLM course as per the guidelines of Savitribai Phule Pune University. The number of seats offered is 60. Admissions are strictly based on merit of qualifying examination.

Those seeking admission to LLM must have passed graduation in BA.LLB or LLB degree while securing 45% marks in agggregate. For reserved category candidates, minimum 40% marks is required.

There is no entrance test for admission to LLM and considers merit on the basis of total marks scored in the graduation and not ‘best four’ or ‘best five’.

Candidates are required to appear for an interview upon getting shortlisted through merit list.

ILS Law College Diploma Admissions

In addition to UG and PG courses, the college also offers two Diploma courses namely Diploma in Taxation Laws and Diploma in Labour Laws and Labour Welfare. The duration of the courses is of one year.

Admissions are based on first-come-first-serve basis where 180 students are admitted under DTL and 60 students under DLL & LW course.

Candidates applying for any of two diploma courses must have passed graduation in any discipline from recognized university.ILS has commenced admissions for the year 2020 and candidates can obtain the prospectus for each course by filling online application form through the college website. The cost of prospectus is INR 300 can be submitted via net banking, debit card or credit card.

ILS Law College Application Process

The application form for each course will be made available through online and offline mode. Candidates are requested to log on to the college website for regular updates. Also, candidates seeking admissions into 3-year or 5-year law degree must apply online for MH CET Law.

Offline Mode:

Application form along with prospectus can be obtained from the college starting from the second/ third week of May during working hours.

The cost of application form is INR 1100 which must be submitted in cash.

Online Mode:

Candidates can register online by filling an application form through the college website.

The requisite fee for the prospectus or application form must be paid through online payment mode via Debit card/Credit card/Net Banking.

ILS Law College Reservation Criteria

ILS provides reservation as per government rules and policies as follows:

50% of seats have been reserved for candidates of SC, SBC, ST, NT, VJNT and OBC categories.

Only Maharashtra candidates can apply against these seats.

3 % seats are reserved for physically handicapped candidates.

47 % seats are available for all other categories which are further divided among candidates from Maharashtra and outside of Maharashtra.

There are two popular ways through which students can aim to obtain a CA qualification. You can pursue this qualification either after completing 12th or attaining a bachelor’s degree. For those wanting to pursue CA after 12th, the CPT route, i.e. the erstwhile CA Foundation can be taken. On the other hand, for those wanting to CA after graduation, the direct entry scheme allows them to have the CPT exemption by attaining specific.

CA After Graduation: Eligibility Criteria

Students must have secured at least 55% marks in their graduation/post-graduation if from a Commerce-related field. Those wanting to study CA after graduation need to have studied at least three commerce-related subjects such as Accounting, Auditing, Economics, Corporate Laws, Taxation, Costing amongst others.

On the other hand, if your graduation/post-graduation is from a non-commerce background, the minimum marks can climb up to 60%.

You need to clear the Company Secretary (CS) intermediate exams conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India or the (CWA) intermediate exams conducted by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India.

CA Examination

There are three levels of the exams for the CA course which you need to qualify in order to attain this sought-after designation. Let’s take a look at these three exam levels and what they entail:

Common Proficiency Test (CPT): The CPT or CA Foundation is a preliminary accounting exam. It carries 200 marks and tests an individual on the Fundamentals of Accounting, Mercantile Laws, General Economics and Quantitative Aptitude and other important topics that are a part of the CA Foundation Syllabus.

Integrated Professional Competence (IPCC): Advanced Accounting concepts are specifically dealt with during the two-group IPCC exams. The vast syllabus of IPCC encompasses Business Ethics and Communication, Costing, Taxation, Advanced Accounting, Auditing, Insurance, Information Technology, Strategic Management etc. Students in their final year graduation are also allowed to appear for this exam.

CA Final: The final stage of the CA course is the most difficult one to crack. It tests highly complex and advanced topics like Financial Reporting, Professional Ethics, Strategic Finance, Advanced Management, Accountancy, etc. Passing this level paves, the way for you to head closer to acquiring the CA certification.

CA After Graduation: Career Prospects

There are a variety of options available for a career in commerce stream. As the CA course structure and curriculum is highly rigorous and incorporates practical training and information technology training, it is highly regarded by companies and recruiters. Further, CAs can also choose to combine their knowledge with other qualifications like MBA, CFA, FRM Exam, etc. Some of the common career options for CA after graduation have been outlined below.

Internal Auditor

Cost Accountant

Tax Specialist

Investment Banker

Asset Manager

Finance Manager

Consultant

Tax Auditor

Research

Introduction

An undergrad administration degree is generally worth it for those who want to work as administrators in hospitals, non profit organizations and private companies. A BBA degree facilitates lots of domains to explore unlike the degrees courses of engineering and medicine. The time that you spend in college allows you to study subjects that relate to your career, including hiring practices, business finances and business ethics. BBA courses offer an opportunity to acquire professional skills in the early stage of their career as a management professional. This undergraduate course offers a deep understanding and development of important business skills such as leadership, communication skills and critical thinking. A Bachelor’s in Business administration degree is designed to provide students with a strong academic foundation in core business functions including general business administration, accounting, financial management, human resource, marketing and organizational behavior. These competencies are flexible enough that upon graduation, careers in a variety fields may be available. A business administration curriculum is designed to teach students how to plan strategically to create organizational value and master financial principles. In addition students will have the opportunity to learn how to lead projects across all areas of business.

Benefits of studying BBA

By studying business theories and learning best business practices, business majors may develop critical skill sets such as knowing how to analyze problems. Business major’s also have the opportunity to gain. Proficiency in managing large groups of people and may facilitate professional communications. Employer’s from industries look for this wide range of skills in business degree earners. According to a national career builder survey, 74% of employers hire recent college graduates with 30% of respondents choosing business major’s over other degrees.

What are possible career paths with a Business Administration degree?

BBA is a good course which sets a platform to give you plenty of options for pursuing MBA with your future career options. BBA degree is a best option for the students with poor mathematical competencies. Students with poor maths can always dream about a better career, which is always self driven. Bachelor of Business administration is a hybrid course combining Bachelor of commerce and Bachelor of Management studies. The possible career paths in

BBA are as follows :-

Sales manager

Business Consultant

Financial Analyst

Human Resources(HR) specialist

Loan Officer

Meeting, convention and Event planner

Training & Development specialist.

BBA at IIAS offers a three year degree course which is easily distinguished from other colleges offering the BBA course. The degree of BBA at IIAS mainly focuses on the work and learn program(WLP), where the students are facilitated with practical industrial exposure for stipulated periods. The WLP starts soon after the end of second semester and from 3rd semesters the curricula is designed in such a manner that the students can easily learn to deal with the industrial problems. Need any assistance log in:https:/www.iias.org.in/

Conclusion

As BBA courses offers an opportunity to acquire professional skills in the early stage of their career as a management professional, it is always advisable to pursue the same. BBA facilitates a broad platform with huge career options, unlike other UG programes like medicine and engineering. BBA offers a deep understanding and development of important business skills such as leadership, communication skills, criticall thinking and decision making. It is always a promising option to devlop a student’s career. BBA courses are industry tailored courses aimed at equiping the student with requisite managerial skills